Introduction: Indian Constitution Basics
The Constitution of India is the foundation of the country’s democratic system and the supreme law that governs the nation. It defines the structure, powers, and functions of the government, while also guaranteeing rights and freedoms to citizens. Framed by the Constituent Assembly after years of detailed debate and discussion, the Constitution reflects the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Adopted on 26 November 1949 and enforced from 26 January 1950, the Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution in the world. It establishes India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic and provides a balance between a strong central authority and autonomous states. The Constitution also ensures social and economic justice through Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and Fundamental Duties.
For students and aspirants preparing for UPSC, SSC, Banking, Railways, State PSC, Police, and other competitive exams, understanding the basic features of the Indian Constitution is essential. A strong grasp of constitutional fundamentals not only helps in exams but also builds informed and responsible citizenship.
---
🇮🇳 100 INDIAN CONSTITUTION BASICS FACTS
1. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land.
2. It was adopted on 26 November 1949.
3. It came into force on 26 January 1950.
4. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is called the Father of the Indian Constitution.
5. The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly.
6. The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946.
7. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly.
8. The Drafting Committee had 7 members.
9. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
10. The Constitution originally had 395 Articles.
11. It originally had 22 Parts.
12. It originally had 8 Schedules.
13. At present, it has 25 Parts.
14. At present, it has 12 Schedules.
15. The Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution in the world.
16. It establishes India as a Union of States.
17. India follows a federal system with unitary bias.
18. The Preamble describes India as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.
19. The words Socialist and Secular were added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
20. The Preamble is based on the Objectives Resolution.
21. The Objectives Resolution was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru.
22. The Preamble is not enforceable by law.
23. The Preamble is considered the key to the Constitution.
24. Fundamental Rights are given in Part III.
25. There are six Fundamental Rights at present.
26. Right to Equality is covered under Articles 14–18.
27. Right to Freedom is covered under Articles 19–22.
28. Article 21 guarantees Right to Life and Personal Liberty.
29. Right to Education was added by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.
30. Right to Property is no longer a Fundamental Right.
31. Right to Property is now a legal right under Article 300A.
32. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are in Part IV.
33. DPSPs are non-justiciable in nature.
34. DPSPs are borrowed from the Irish Constitution.
35. DPSPs aim at social and economic justice.
36. Fundamental Duties are given in Part IVA.
37. Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
38. There are 11 Fundamental Duties at present.
39. The Head of the Indian State is the President.
40. The real executive power lies with the Prime Minister.
41. The President is elected by an Electoral College.
42. The term of the President is 5 years.
43. The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
44. The Parliament consists of the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
45. Lok Sabha is the Lower House of Parliament.
46. Rajya Sabha is the Permanent House.
47. Maximum strength of Lok Sabha is 552 members.
48. Money Bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.
49. The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha.
50. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
51. The Supreme Court is the highest court of India.
52. The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President.
53. The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.
54. Judicial Review is a power of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
55. Judges of the Supreme Court retire at 65 years.
56. Judges of the High Court retire at 62 years.
57. India follows a single citizenship system.
58. Residuary powers rest with the Union Government.
59. Emergency provisions are given in Part XVIII.
60. National Emergency is under Article 352.
61. State Emergency (President’s Rule) is under Article 356.
62. Financial Emergency is under Article 360.
63. The Election Commission is an independent constitutional body.
64. Election Commission is mentioned in Article 324.
65. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is the financial watchdog of India.
66. CAG is mentioned in Article 148.
67. The Finance Commission is mentioned in Article 280.
68. Attorney General of India is mentioned in Article 76.
69. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is mentioned in Article 315.
70. India has a parliamentary form of government.
71. The parliamentary system is borrowed from the United Kingdom.
72. Fundamental Rights are borrowed from the USA.
73. The concept of DPSP is borrowed from Ireland.
74. The concept of Secularism is borrowed from France.
75. Single citizenship is borrowed from the UK.
76. The Constitution provides Universal Adult Suffrage.
77. Voting age in India is 18 years.
78. The National Emblem is adopted from the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
79. The National Anthem is “Jana Gana Mana”.
80. The National Song is “Vande Mataram”.
81. Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union.
82. English is also used for official purposes.
83. The Basic Structure doctrine was laid down in Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).
84. The Constitution can be amended under Article 368.
85. The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution.
86. Zero Hour is an Indian parliamentary innovation.
87. Question Hour is the first hour of parliamentary sitting.
88. Ordinances are issued by the President or Governor.
89. Panchayati Raj was constitutionalized by the 73rd Amendment Act.
90. Urban local bodies were constitutionalized by the 74th Amendment Act.
91. India is a Republic with an elected Head of State.
92. Sovereignty means independence in internal and external matters.
93. Democracy in India is based on popular sovereignty.
94. Equality ensures absence of privileges.
95. Liberty ensures freedom of thought and expression.
96. Fraternity ensures unity and integrity of the nation.
97. The Constitution aims to secure justice—social, economic, and political.
98. The Constitution balances rights and duties.
99. The Constitution is a living document.
100. The Indian Constitution reflects the aspirations of the people of India.
---